• An elliptic-curve variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA), first defined in NIST FIPS 186-2. It generates a private scalar (random integer) and a public point obtained by multiplying the curve’s generator point by that scalar, with security resting on the elliptic-curve discrete-logarithm problem. A 256-bit ECDSA key offers security comparable to a 3072-bit RSA key, so ECDSA is widely used in blockchains (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum), TLS/SSL certificates, SSH, JWTs, and secure-messaging applications.

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