• The variability in timing or delay between data packets arriving at their destination in network communications, measured as the deviation from the expected or average packet arrival time. Excessive jitter causes problems in real-time applications like video conferencing, VoIP calls, and live-streaming, where consistent timing is critical for smooth playback and synchronized audio-video delivery. Network jitter is typically caused by congestion, routing changes, or processing delays, and can be mitigated through buffering, quality of service (QoS) controls, and network optimization techniques.

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